Gas Electron Multiplier
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Foreword
Introduction
THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS... IS TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE AND MATTER... |
GEM Manufacturing Process
Holes are made in the GEM layers using chemical etching, which presents the difficulty of getting precise hole size and shape. The standard manufacturing process for the GEM has been the double mask technique, which results in a symmetric double-conical shape of the holes. For the required size of GEM layers (1 m x 0.5 m), however, this process is too complicated and expensive. Alternatively, we propose the single mask technique to produce these GEM layers. The effect of using the single mask is different hole diameters on the upper and lower sides of the GEM.3 Two orientations of the GEM were identified, where orientation A exhibited a larger upper hole diameter than B, as shown in Figure 1C. Changing the orientation of the GEM layer can cause a significant difference in gain, which is defined as the number of electrons produced through primary and secondary ionizations due to the detection of a single muon divided by the number of primary ionizations. The ultimate goal of this study is to identify the most optimal configuration of triple GEM that maximizes the gain.
Methods
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ANSYS
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Garfield++
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HEED
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Results
THE RESULTS OF OUR SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS WILL BE CRUCIAL DURING THE ASSEMBLY PROCESS... |
Conclusion
Our work is still ongoing as we are enhancing the simulations for a more thorough study of these two manufacturing processes for the triple GEM detector. The results clearly showed that the GEM layer orientation has a significant effect on the performance of the detector. Therefore, the results of our simulations and analysis will be crucial during the assembly process, and we aim to share our findings in order to facilitate a successful upgrade for the CMS muon detector.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our research group, the High Energy Physics research team at Texas A&M University at Qatar. The team consists of researchers and undergraduate students. The head of the team is the Director of Research Computing and Research Professor at TAMUQ Dr. Othmane Bouhali, with the assistance of the Physics Lab Coordinator Maya Abi Akl. The researcher working with us is Munizza Sayed Afaque. Finally, the undergraduate students in the team are Taif Mohamed, Shaihka Al-Qahtani, Abdulaziz Al-Qahtani, Meera Al-Sulaiti, Maryam Al-Buainain, and Alaa Abdulla.
WE AIM TO SHARE OUR FINDINGS IN ORDER TO FACILITATE A SUCCESSFUL UPGRADE FOR THE CMS MUON DETECTOR.
Taif Mohamed '18Taif Mohamed is a graduating senior electrical engineering major with minors in physics and math at the Texas A&M Qatar campus. Taif’s hometown is Ismailia, Egypt. After graduation, Taif plans to attend graduate school for power engineering.
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Shaikha Al-Quatani '18Shaikha Al-Qahtani is a graduating senior electrical and computer engineering major with minors in physics and math at the Texas A&M Qatar campus. Shaika is originally from Alkhor, Qatar. Shaika has spent two summers working at CERN, which has developed her interest in electrical engineering. Shaika plans to pursue doctoral studies after graduation.
Vertical Divider
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References |
References
1. “CERN Accelerating Science.” The Higgs Boson | CERN. Accessed March 21, 2018. https://home.cern/topics/higgs-boson. 2. Maghrbi, Y., and O. Bouhali. “Gain Uniformity of Trapezoidal Triple-GEM Detectors.” 2013 Seventh International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), 2013. doi:10.1109/icsenst.2013.6727768. 3. Bachmann, S., A. Bressan, L. Ropelewski, F. Sauli, A. Sharma, and D. Mörmann. “Charge Amplification and Transfer Processes in the Gas Electron Multiplier.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 438, no. 2-3 (1999): 376-408. doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00820-7. 4. ANSYS Academic Research, Release14.0, available (http://ansys.com). 5. R. Veenhof, Garfield, recent developments, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A419(2–3) (1998)726–730. 6. Garfield++ simulation of tracking detectors, available on (http://garfieldpp.web.cern.ch/garfieldpp/). 7. Smirnov, I.b. “Modeling of Ionization Produced by Fast Charged Particles in Gases.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 554, no. 1-3 (2005): 474-93. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.08.064. |